For some people with diabetes, high blood sugar is only part of the problem. Diabetes is known to affect other parts of the
body such as nerves, kidneys, and even the eyes. There are two types of changes that occur in the eyes. One is called
background, or non-proliferative changes, the other proliferative changes. With background changes there is sometimes some
leakage of fluid into the retina. There also may be small spot or streak-shaped hemorrhages which are located within the
nerve cells or nerve fiber layer of the retina. The background changes do not alter the vision as often as the proliferative
changes. In the proliferative type of diabetic retinopathy, new blood vessels form a network in the areas that are
compromised. This is called a neovascular net. It is an attempt on the part of the body to bring more blood to the areas
lacking oxygen. Though this is an attempt on the part of the body to heal the area, it usually does more harm than good.
Another type of proliferative change is macular edema, or swelling in the central part of the retina. In many cases,
especially those with proliferative changes, laser therapy is necessary. In some cases, the vision can be improved, but in
most cases it merely prevents further deterioration. The type of laser and method used depends on the extent and position of
the retinopathy.
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